Victorian Military: Rising Through the Ranks :: Victorian Era

Victorian Military: Rising Through the Ranks The British military was involved in some form of combat consecutively from 1837 to 1901. Consequently, military was a vital part of the life of a soldier or a young man looking to join the military profession. In order to join as an officer, a man had to purchase his position. However, those who entered as common soldiers could join for free. These men, however, were seen as the â€Å"lowest of the low.† If a man hoped to maintain his status in the military as well as society, he must first purchase his commission. Usually positions like colonel or captain were the first to be purchased. There were two forms of colonels, each carrying their own status. The first, known today as colonel proper was a â€Å"substantive rank from which seniority would eventually, provided they lived long enough, elevate them to join the generals† (Holves xix). The second form were colonels of regiments. They were field officers, known for advising their younger officers and having an inter est in making profits from their position. This type of colonel usually made about six hundred to nine hundred pounds a year but made about four hundred more from government granted money for their regiments. Money given to regiment colonels was often used to buy cheap uniforms; the rest was pocketed by the leading officer. The colonel’s regiment bore his name and often carried a badge from his armorial bearings. Colonels could be promoted to lieutenant colonels, who were also field officers. In war-time, promotions based on merit were far more common that purchase appointments, which surprises many (Holves 108). After purchasing a commission as lieutenant-colonel, an officer must be promoted and could not purchase any higher positions. Generals were appointed by the monarch. They were chosen according to seniority, so rarely did generals receive their position based on talent. Most generals did not receive any more pay that a colonel and may have even been on half-pay as a retired officer. A general kept his position until death. He had a strong voice in appointments for positions in his regiments, especially his secretary and aides de camp. Dragoons were soldiers with much less respect. They maintained the name â€Å"dragoon,† which had belonged to members of the cavalry, was given to dragoons so that they may maintain some form of respect. William Makepeace Thackeray’s novel Vanity Fair involves the Battle of Waterloo.

AfricanAmerican Representation in the Media :: Free Essay Writer

AfricanAmerican Representation in the Media In Jacqueline Bobo's article, The Color Purple : Black Women as Cultural Readers, she discusses the way in which black women create meaning out of the mainstream text of the film The Color Purple. In Leslie B. Innis and Joe R. Feagin's article, The Cosby Show: The View From the Black Middle Class, they are examining black middle-class responses to the portrayal of black family life on The Cosby Show. In their respective articles, Bobo, and Innis and Feagin are investigating the representation of race, particularly African American race, in the mass media. The chief concerns of their investigations lie in how African Americans deal with the way these representations portray them individually and their social group as a whole. In this paper I will compare the issues in each study, analyze the larger sociopolitical implications of the media representations and apply a similar framework of concerns to my own reception analysis project. In Bobo's article, the chief concerns of the author are "the savage and brutal depiction of black men in the film", "black family instability", and the way that black women embrace the film and use their own reconstructed meaning of it to "empower themselves and their social group," (90,92). Film as a medium starts out with many potential limitations and problems when it comes to representing a whole race of people. No two people are exactly alike no matter what race they come from so there is no way one film can represent all peoples. Unfortunately, many people believe that a certain depiction of black people characterizes all black people, which is certainly not the case. This is very dangerous because this perpetuates stereotyping and discrimination. The viewing public pays for movies and therefore movie directors have to tailor their product so that the majority of viewers will enjoy, and agree with the ideas behind the film. The majority almost always means white America so e ven African American based movies are made for white audiences. Because of this, the representations of blacks in the medium of film are almost always white ideas of who black people are, not who they really are. The film The Color Purple has been the center of controversy since it was made in 1985. Many people feel the film is a terrible portrayal of black family life and that it is stereotypical in its depiction of black men as evil and brutal tyrants who imprison and mentally and verbally abuse woman.

Development Strategy of Luxury Company Essay

1. Introduction â€Å"As long as there is a society, there will always be fashion†. It was not surprised a fashion brands, especially a luxury fashion brands became a national treasure which effect the issues in business, political and social area in European countries. Since the Hermas established in 1837, a special development strategy model has formed and matured in European luxury group. Daniele de winter, the CEO of Daniele de Winter Cosmetics state that â€Å"the secret of successful fashion management is a complete blend of creative genius and business management acumen, skill and resourcefulness†. The develop strategy is the key issue for a successful luxury fashion company. With the development of economy and the increase of income, more and more luxury fashion companies expand their business into Asia- Pacific region, especially the Hong Kong and mainland China market. According to the annual report of Richemont, The Pinault-Printemps-Redoute (PPR), Hemes, Bulberry and other luxury fashion companies, the sale revenue of Asia- Pacific region accounts for more than 30% of the Group total revenue. The Change of Global Luxury Fashion Market. The word â€Å"luxury† origin from Latin word â€Å"luxuria†, which means an item that â€Å"is expensive and enjoyable but no essential (Waite, 2012)†. In 186 BCE, the victory of army of Gnaeus Manlius Vulso brought such overseas luxury as bronze couches, and costly cloth spreads into Rome. For some Roman historians, the triumph of Vulso marked as the beginning of luxury industry in Europe. With the development of centres, modern luxury fashion industry has become a cross-sectors industry which offers high price goods and service for target consumers. However, in the space of two decades, the modern luxury market has changed beyond recognition. The narrow range of need and demand of target consumers and the exclusive- distribution channels, represented by French Fashion, have been replaced by a mass industry, accompanied by expansion brands with an affordable price by a wider range of consumers. Since the beginning of 1990s, the luxury industry has been recognised and restructured by designers and the fashion designers become the creator of art. According to the statistics from France Economic and Social Council in 2008 (France Economic and Social Council, 2008), with the strategy of â€Å"physical shop/ store† and expansion brands benefit seven million euros. Depending on the diversion and internationalisation, the luxury industry becomes an industry with wider consumers. For example, Hemes, managed by Jean-Louis Dumas, diversities their goods and creates new products. The French luxury manufacture gets a successful on brand art by purchasing crystal brand Saint Louis and Silversmith Puiforcat. Similarly, Richemont Family, the main competitor of French brand, also control numbers of brands, such as Carites, Baume & Mercier and Van Cleef & Arpells. The second change of luxury industry is the transformation from the handmade custom to industrial standardisation. Taking LVMH as example, there are three cores of product, as wines and spirit, luggage and leather, and fashion and perfume industry. The famous brands in luxury world, like as Moet & Chandon, Loewe, Vuitton, Givenchy, Kenzo, Dior and Guerlain, standardise the products like other heavy industries. Along with the profit-seeking financial logic, the marketing and the product standardisation become the major notion with the concept of large-scale product. In the new centre, the concept of luxury industry and the demand of consumers are changing all the time. â€Å"Heritage and Prestige† is the landmark of lots of luxury brands and the enduring value of numbers of particular brands. Comparing with the old style luxury brand â€Å"which used to be a heritage brand† (Coste-Maniere, et al. , 2012), the new concept of luxury, developed by Louis Vuitton and Burberry, means accepted by more consumers. For the occasional customers, they just enjoy the â€Å"right of luxury† in physical store against with the traditional customer-exclusive. In the new era, increasing the number of customers buy the fashion product they could afford, rather than become the royal consumer due to the high price. Consequently, emphasis of consumer need and the competitive advantage means centralising the core value and expending brand boundary simultaneously. 2. 2 The Development Strategy Model of Luxury Fashion Brand The luxury fashion brand originate in European countries which have plentiful historical and cultural background. With the development of servial centres, the luxury fashion industry in European, American and Japanese have become mature and standarlisation. Under this circumstance, the strategy of luxury development in western countries centralize on the brand expansion, striving for the core products and development of brand reputation. 2. 2. 1 Brand Expansion: the Foundational Strategy Under the press of financial-seeking strategy and the changeable of luxury market, the old style luxury fashion brand faces the challenge of development in the mature market in traditional European, American and Japanese region. Under this circumstance, the expansion of brands has become the foundational strategy for a large number of luxury fashion corporates, which offer a new opportunity to stress the brand image, the most significant assets for a luxury fashion company. (Albrecht, et al. , 2013; Uggla & Lashgari, 2012; Hoffmann & Coste-Maniere, 2012)Many luxury companies breakthrough the traditional product boundary and expensed their business into new market segmentations. For instance, Louis Vuitton, beginning with luggage, invested in other creative spheres: ready-to-wear industry as well as jewellery market (LVMH, 2012), and Gucci, beginning with leather goods, developed all sets of fashion products including leather goods, shoes, ready-to-wear, watches, jewellery and other products. (PPR, 2012). Meanwhile, there are some companies expensed segments into non-traditional area. For example, the luxury jewellery manufacture Bulgari and Italian brand Versace started to offer hotel under their brand (LVMH, 2012) and Armani provide different products from books, furniture and chocolates to restaurants, bars and spas. The another Italian luxury brand, Roberro Cavalli, famous for its fashion apparel for young generation, offer wine and vodka as well as run coffee bar (The Cavalli Caffe) and club (The Cavalli Club). 2. 2. 2 Striving for the Core: The Product Strategy For a global corporate, it is common rules of development depend on the core production or service and then diversification. However, even as diversification, the excellence core production and the strongest sectors within the luxury brands continued to earn the majority of its profits from the traditional products. (Ahrendts, 2013; Beverland, 2005; Miller & Mills, 2012). For luxury consumer, they expect to acquire a honorable brands and product so that they emphase on the value of core heritage. The leather goods, the core of Gucci Group, earn 59% of its revenue in 2012 (PPR, 2012). The iconic luggage is the tradition from the time corporate was founded and become the brand image of the LVMH Group. (LVMH, 2011) The turning of Burberry from a ageing British brand to a global luxury brand is a successful product strategy transition. Before 2006, through in a burgeoning global market. Burberry faced a low growth at a rate of 2 percentage every year and two competitors – LVMH and PPR had more than 12 times and 16 times Burberry’s sale revenue. By surving the sectors among Burberry products all over the world, the results indicate the outerwear, as the core, only accourted of 20% of Burberry’s global brand business. Figure 1: the Facts and Financial Statistics of Burberry (Resource from: Burberry, Yahoo Finance) [pic] After brainstorming and formalizing from the administrative board, the New Jersey factore which is making polo shirts was closed and invested in the Casteford factory in Yorkshire which make the heritage trech coat included traditional rainwear and exclusive waterproof gabardine. Burberry also hire Christopher Bailey as the global designer for innovation of core products. The facts and financial statistic of Burberry from 2006 to 2012 in Figure 1 showed that the decision to focus on the heritage opened up a wealth of creativity. By the end of 2012, the sale revenues and operating income had doubled than previous 5 years, achieving $3 billion and $600 billion respectively. (Burberry, 2007; Burberry, 2012) 2. 2. 3 The Brand Reputation: The Brand Strategy The brand is the most valuable part of luxury goods and the motivity of luxury consumption. Once separating from the luxury brand, the goods is the ordinary one. Every successful company sees the brand as the most valuable fortune. they use the advanced marketing logic and marketing operation to motivate the development, explore approaches to express the value and connotation of brands to luxury consumers and attract the royality of customers. As a tool of art, a carrier of history, and a spirit of classic, building-up a high quiality reputation is brand strategy for luxury companies. Since founded in 1847, Cartier, as one of the most established name in the jewellay market, is the reference of ture and timeless luxury. Designing by Cartier, the product distinguishes itself by the unique skills and excellence in design and execution. Nearly in 30 years, the extensive art activities are not competitive without the support by the Foundation Crtier pour l’Art Contemporain (Richemont, 2013). With the development of brand reputation, Cartier is the synonym of modern art and a pioneering approach. Meanwhile, most of luxury brands come from the centre of Renaissance 2. 3 The Features of Chinese Luxury Market Chinese market places the second place in the world of luxury consumption, surpassing the United States since 2008. Along with Japan, China is the strongest market with the increasing demand of 20 percentages. The consulting report from Glob Advantage estimate there are 18 thousand billionaires, 440 thousand multimillionaires and increasing the number of middle class achieving 250 million in 2015 in today’s China (Degen, 2009), which have the strong purchase power and need of luxury fashion industry. Even with the influence of the financial crisis, the sale revenue of luxury fashion in the mainland China rose by 16 percent, reaching about 64 billion RMB. The market research about Chinese market laid a foundation for the development and expansion strategy of luxury brands. The shifting attitudes to luxury brands, the greater sophistication of Chinese consumers and the new geographic markets have become the main features of Chinese luxury market. The three characteristics drive the global strategy of development for luxury brands. Figure 2 According to the survey of McKinsey & Company (KPMG, 2013), with the rapidly increase of income, more and more Chinese consumers shifts the attitude to luxury and feel comfortable to purchasing luxury products. The rich consumers which income over 300,000 RMB continued occupy the majority of the luxury purchase. Meanwhile, the statistics show that, the upper middle class (between 100,000 RMB and 200,000 RMB), which account for 22% of luxury goods purchase by the end of 2015, as the Figure 2 suggested, offers the biggest new growth opportunity. 2. 3. 1 The increasing number of overseas travel In the information era, Chinese consumers have become more sophisticated than before. With the surge in the number of luxury stores, fashion magazine, the Web official site and the use of social media, Chinese consumers familiar with the luxury brands with the help of Internet, overseas travel, and the first-hand experience. For example, the research result indicated that in the last 12 months, the Hong Kong, Taiwan, Macro and Europe become the main destinations of overseas luxury purchase. Figure 3: Where did you purchase your cosmetics in the last 12 months? (Resource from: Global Reach of China Luxury of KPMG) [pic] 2. 3. 2 The increase of new market segmentation The rapidly growth of urbanisation and individual wealth emerge large quantity of geographic markets with sizable pools of luxury-goods consumptions. The luxury purchase and sale revenue of some medium and small cities, such as Qingdao in Shandong province and Wuxi in Zhejiang province, tripled than the previous 5 years. In the following years, the luxury consumption in these medium and small cities will achieve the same level with Hangzhou and Nanjing, the most developed market in mainland China, the sale of which will arrive at RMB 500 million yuan and account for 76% of whole market. 2. 3. 3 The increasing of Counterfeit goods Love for luxury, preference for counterfeit is a unique phenomenon in luxury consumption in Chinese luxury market. According to a report entitled â€Å"Transnational Organized Crime in East Asia and the Pacific† from Office on Drugs and Crime, almost 70% of global counterfeits luxury goods come from China and the value of counterfeit luxury goods imported into traditional luxury market on the order of $25 billion annually. In a confusion society , the luxury consumption of Chinese consumers become more irrationally than western consumer, which depended on the extenral need rather internal need (Zhang & Kim, 2013). For Chinese consumers, luxury brands are somethings â€Å"must to have† for them to reinforce their social status. however, the wealth gap between the rich and the poor in China is the largest all over the world, which offer the passion for consumption of luxury counterfeits. The young generation, aged 25 to 34 with limited budget for genuine luxury fashion goods, racked up nearly a quarter fo fake fanciers. 2. 4 The Passion for Luxury Consumption of Chinese consumers China is the second largest luxury market all over the world and attracting the attention of consumption of Chinese consumers. Under the influence of unique economic situation, cultural background and social factor, the behaviour of Chinese consumers in luxury fashion market have the distinctive characteristics. The bling factor influenced by economic situation, the saving face affected by the Confucianism and group orientation as the social factor drive the luxury consumption in Chinese fashion market. 2. 4. 1 The â€Å"Bling† Factor With the emerging of Internet, fashion magazines and social media, more and more Chinese consumers know the brands of luxury brands. However, the cultural concept and history of the luxury fashion brands are far away from numbers of Chinese luxury consumers. For many luxury fashion firms, there is not one typical luxury customer in China due to the different habits, different tastes and different income levels. The â€Å"bling† factor or following the whole market trend remains an important factor for the Chinese consumer in luxury fashion market. For example, according to luxury consumer report of Chinese market, almost 60 percent of the respondents in Tier 1 cities including Shenzhen, Guangzhou, Beijing, Shanghai and other Tier 2 cities, stated that the key drivers for luxury consumption is the willingness to pay a product that just is popular or fashionable goods. Exclusivity or unique is an important understanding of luxury brand for Chinese consumption. There are about one fifth of customers consider that they will pay the luxury goods that are known and appreciated by the minority rather than the famous one. In terms of China’s unique cultural background, the Chinese consumers consider luxury brand value influenced by Confucianism. In the concept of Confucian, the notion of â€Å"mianzi† is defined as a reputation â€Å"achieved through getting on in through success and ostentation†. (Hu, 1944; Dong & Lee, 2007) The traditional cultural understanding and effecting about the face saving becomes the strongest and most conspicuous passion for luxury consumption, which means concerning about the impress to other and the visual display than the level of income. The Chinese consumer in luxury world trend to pay a premium product on the luxury brand rather than essential goods in daily life, due to strong desire and pressure of maintaining face. Taking the finding of KPMG as the example, comparing with the apparel, the stronger growth of market for fashion accessories is considerable. Nearly 40% of luxury consumers enjoy the luxury experiences and â€Å"the right of luxury† in a physical store/shop over purchases of luxury items. Overall, the face saving (saving mianzi) relates to the individual image of worth and reputation within a collectivism society. As the result, Chinese consumers are often careful not to lose face by standing out from the crowed when consuming luxury goods. The general strategy Although the market has its particular features, the development of luxury fashion strategy in Chinese luxury market is followed the general rules of luxury firms in global market. As the foundation strategy, the brand extension and production diversification also provide the base of the development in Chinese luxury market. The apparel, handbag, jewellery, fashion accessories and luxury servicers are offered in mainland China, especially in Tier 1 cities like Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou. Promoting the sale revenue of the core products in mainland China, as the product strategy, enhances the brand awareness in Chinese market. Expanding the influence, luxury fashion firms invest large amount of money to popularize the brand reputation as a simple of elegance and grandeur as well as the means of fashion and art. The marketing strategy: raising brand awareness. Due to the lower brand awareness and lack of knowledge of brand value, the royalty of brand in Chinese market is lower than its in traditional European market. The special situation provides a strong externally powerful tool, which means not only expand the value of the luxury brand into a regular group of consumers, but also sway them making a purchase. In recent year, luxury fashion firm invest increasing the number of budget into Chinese market not only promote the brand awareness, but also help the consumers inform a notion about †luxury goods and luxury lifestyle† and why they should purchase luxury goods and luxury services. The brand building-up develop based not only the advertising on hard paper and television, also included the display on luxury goods exhibition and the customised publications. Nowadays, more and more luxury fashion goods exhibition held in Beijing, Shanghai and other cities, which offer a good opportunity for Chinese consumers to visit the luxury goods frequently displayed in store. Meanwhile, more and more consumers visiting the exhibition are not an onlooker. The localisation strategy. The luxury fashion brand with high brand awareness contain the European and American culture and value which is living standard of high level, the product and design of high quality. Those values accepted by and attract young generation who trend to, however, it is not accepted by all Chinese consumers who have their own value. Respecting to Chinese traditional culture and integrated it into the product value is the essential of luxury fashion business in China. For example, Louis Vuitton setting Du Juan, the one of top Chinese model all over the world, and advertising as the Chinese image step one right place on direction and help western luxury fashion companies overcome the cultural barriers. This kind of strategy could build up strong attachments among Chinese consumers and help them accepted the unique characteristic of luxury fashion brands. The pricing strategy Price is one of the most significant signals in Chinese business world. For most Chinese consumers, price represented the value of luxury fashion goods. As a result, the luxury fashion products should not go on discount, no matter what the consumer is. The pricing strategy about goods, especially about core products, could bolster a brand’s prestige. For other items, companies could adjust the price according to the market condition and the inventory in order to long-term brand building. The retailing strategy A stupendous store belongs to the luxury fashion company located in the luxury area build up a sense of important and identified by the market. The luxury fashion positioning enhanced if the boutiques are visible to a lot of consumer in major fashion cities. The landmark stores opened in Chinese Tier 1 cities, such as Beijing, Hangzhou and Guangzhou, are the best locations to building the brand image and attracting the target customer groups. The commercial centres and shopping malls in luxury area are welcomed by most of fashion lovers, luxury followers and luxury intellectuals. Meanwhile, the investment on the landmark store is the best and effective way to generate profits and build-up brand royalty. In an Internet era, shopping online has become the major shopping way, especially for the young people. Although most luxury fashion companies have shied away from online channels due to the fearing that e-commerce might reduce the value of the luxury brand. However, for a long-term return and brand building, online platform provides not only a purchase channel, but also an information exchange channel between luxury fashion brand and Chinese consumers. With the developing of GDP and individual income of consumers, the global luxury fashion market and such the emerging market as China, have become the strategic focus of luxury market researcher and the consult company. This report attempts to identify development strategy of the luxury fashion brand, especially in mainland China market through the analysis of the change of global luxury fashion brand, overview of Chinese luxury market and the passion for luxury consumption. All those factors were identified depend on a comprehensive review of luxury fashion goods related researches and market consulting reports. The findings of this study provide a new insight of global and Chinese luxury fashion market for the consumers who interests the luxury fashion brand and a clear strategy guide for market managers of the luxury fashion firms, particular in the time of the company expand their business in mainland China. In addition, the study helps reduce the risks and costs of market research and helps the company overcome the huge gap in a multicultural business environment. First, the findings about the global luxury fashion market and the general development strategy in luxury fashion market all over the world indicated that the achieving the growth while remaining exclusive positioning, and attracting more consumers without losing cachet of brand value is the core strategy for every luxury corporates. The more loyal consumers may weaken due to the popular brands launched in the market because they choose pay a premium goods that majority and identified by small group. Consequently, the balance between growth and unique, the price and quality may be tougher in China than in any other market. However, customization develops quickly as the new trend of luxury fashion industry. The customizing activities have launched in different business sectors, but which is yet adopted by the luxury industry on a board. At presents, the customization just limited on the area of fashion accessories, apparel, handbags, and jewellery, and emphasising on customizing standard products, point of delivery customization and service and producing bespoke goods. Secondly, the increasing the number of consumers, overseas traveller, new market segments and the counterfeits goods have become the main features in the Chinese luxury fashion market in recent years. The features are important of stress the benefits of investment in mainland China. Based on the research findings, International marketers should setting extension strategy that is coherent with branding, merchandising and global image by serving China’s globetrotting shoppers, striking the balance between store numbers and quality and focusing anti-counterfeit goods. For Chinese globetrotting shoppers, the customer relationship management should emphasis global view rather than on mainland China. In the view of higher management board, the corporate organisational structure of the luxury fashion company should reflect the significant of Chinese market by sorting up the processes for generating direct communication between Chinese luxury consumers and the home headquarter. Based on the new market segmentation, the luxury company should upgrade current stores and outlets in order to keep consistent with the global image and emphasis on the business in Tier 1 cities. As the market statistics indicated that the luxury counterfeit goods have become the barriers for development in China, including seizing sale revenue and weakening brand value. Luxury fashion companies should co-operate with customs officials to seize fake goods at ports. Working with international national organisation or international associations should be the third path for anti-counterfeit activities. The co-operation should ranges from such international associations as World Intellectual Property to regional groups like US-focused International Anti-Counterfeits Coalition. Thirdly, the research findings about the passions for Chinese luxury fashion consumption indicated that the â€Å"bling† customers who lack of knowledge about luxury fashion goods or just following the trend account of a part of Chinese luxury consumers. Besides that, Chinese luxury consumption deeply influenced by saving faces and group orientation, which are the part of traditional Confusion value. Targeting different drivers of luxury consumption, managers should have different strategies. For the bling customers, the global luxury firms should invest in improving the brand awareness and expanding the brand value, which could offer a global opportunity to attracting potential customers and building loyalty and repeat customer groups. For the consumers who care about saving face, International luxury fashion markers should draw the outline of visual and outward appearance of rank and status when unfolding their marketing activities. Meanwhile, the companies should emphasise the brand’s country of origin, so the Chinese consumers have the confident to identified and distinguished with other mass products. In addition, the package of luxury goods also need to be recognisable in order to fit the moderate and lifestyle associated with Chinese consumers. Furthermore, in light of the results about group orientation, the management board company should stress the profit of luxury fashion goods as a symbol of social marker and the sale assistants inspire consumer purchases because of the goods could generate a sense of group belonging and conformity of the elite. Due to the group belonging, a special attention should be given to the layout of the physical store and the luxury service of sale staff. No matter who is the consumer, friends will be involved during the decision making process and become potential consumers in the future. Proving high-quality services and creating luxury experience for non-buyers also benefit for making sure that the brand accepted by group and that the consumer does not stand out from others. Finally, about the current expansion strategy in mainland China market, most of luxury fashion companies emphasis the strategy on marking, localization, pricing and retailing coherent with the global business aims. Raising brand awareness and expressing the luxury lifestyle lay the foundation of marketing strategy. In order to respect to Chinese traditional culture, luxury brands should integrate Chinese culture and art into design, package, and store layout of products, which accepted easily by Chinese consumers in different social class. Meanwhile, the research findings indicated that the price is the most important factor which influenced Chinese luxury consumption. Luxury marketers should balance the price between Chinese market and overseas. As for the retailing strategy, the luxury brand stresses the developing of boutiques store and the setting up online distribution channels. However, there are several special attention should be given to price gap between China and overseas, and the online distribution channels. On one hand, comparing with that rarely go on discount in mainland China, the luxury fashion goods is often at a discount at overseas, especially for the non-core products and in the time of Christmas or Summer Sale. On the other hand, the high rate of tax and fees raise up the price of luxury fashion goods in mainland China. According to the law and regulations in China, a luxury fashion goods, such as the eye cream of Estee Lauder native to the UK, is imported into Chinese market with 10% import tariff, 30% consumption tax, 5% sales tax and 17% value-add tax. Including the managing fees, advertising costs and other issues, the price of the eye cream is double in the UK. In the respect of the luxury company, the appreciate discount in Chinese market could promote the desire of consumption and boost the sale revenue; in the respect of tax policy makers in mainland China, reducing the rate of import tariff and consumption tax of international luxury fashion goods could Finally, luxury fashion goods, as a subject of nature, play different or scenarios, different income level, education background, and social – economic factors, as well as exam the type of relationship that seek from luxury fashion brands. On the view of passions for luxury consumption, there are many other drivers, such as collection, appreciation, should take the consideration into further research.

FINAL EXAM: Study Guide Essay

1. Which of the following is an action that could damage an asset? 2. Which law requires all types of financial institutions to protect customers’ private financial information? 3. An AUP is part of a layered approach to security, and it supports confidentiality. What else supports confidentiality? 4. Which of the following is a detailed written definition of how software and hardware are to be used? 5. Which of the following is not a common type of data classification standard? 6. What does a lapse in a security control or policy create? 7. Which of the following is any weakness in a system that makes it possible for a threat to cause it harm? 8. Which of the following terms refers to the likelihood of exposure to danger? 9. Which type of attacker intends to be helpful? 10. Which domain is primarily affected by weak endpoint security on a VPN client? 11. Identify two phases of the access control process. 12. You log onto a network and are asked to present a combination of elements, such as user name, password, token, smart card, or biometrics. This is an example of which of the following? 13. Which of the following is a type of authentication? 14. Identify an example of an access control formal model. 15. Which of the following access control models is based on a mathematical theory published in 1989 to ensure fair competition? 16. Which of the following are primary categories of rules that most organizations must comply with? 17. Which of the following is not a part of an ordinary IT security policy framework? 18. Which of the following helps you determine the appropriate access to classified data? 19. Which of the following refers to the management of baseline settings for a system device? 20. Identify a primary step of the SDLC. 21. Which of the following is a process to verify policy compliance? 22. When monitoring a system for anomalies, the system is measured against _. 23. Which of the following is not a type of penetration test? 24. Identify a drawback of log monitoring. 25. Which of the following is not a type of monitoring device? 26. Identify the primary components of risk management. 27. Which of the following is not a part of a quantitative risk assessment? 28. What are the primary components of business continuity management (BCM)? 29. Which of the following determines the extent of the impact that a particular incident would have on business operations over time? 30. What does risk management directly affect? 31. Which of the following is a cipher that shifts each letter in the English alphabet a fixed number of positions, with Z wrapping back to A? 32. Identify a security objective that adds value to a business. 33. Which of the following is an asymmetric encryption algorithm? 34. Identify a security principle that can be satisfied with an asymmetric digital signature and not by a symmetric signature. 35. Which of the following is a mechanism for accomplishing confidentiality, integrity, authentication, and nonrepudiation? 36. In which OSI layer do you find FTP, HTTP, and other programs that end users interact with? 37. Identify the configuration that is best for networks with varying security levels, such general users, a group of users working on a secret research project, and a group of executives. 38. Which of the following would you not expect to find on a large network? 39. Which of the following is a weakness of WLANs? 40. Identify an advantage of IPv6 over IPv4. 41. Identify one of the first computer viruses to appear in the world. 42. Which of the following is not a primary type of computer attack? 43. How do worms propagate to other systems? 44. Which of the following type of program is also commonly referred to as a Trojan horse? 45. Which defense-in-depth layer involves the use of chokepoints? 46. How does a standard differ from a compliance law? 47. Which of the following is not a principle of the PCI DSS? 48. Identify the compliance law that requires adherence to the minimum necessary rule. 49. Identify the compliance law whose primary goal is to protect investors from fi nancial fraud. 50. U.S. organizations must comply with

New Product Development Strategy for Google Essay

Google is a world known company founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin in 1997 based on the new name of their search engine that was BackRub that operated in Standford more than a year. The word Google itself comes from a pun of word â€Å"googol† a mathematical term for the number represented number 1 followed by 100 zeros that reflect their mission to organize infinite information in the web. Google is known for its search engine â€Å"Google† that is the world’s largest search engine since 2000 defeats other search engine such as Yahoo! and Bing. Since then, Google innovates and creates new products by partnership with or acquisition of some companies and the result is famous services their provided in the web or real life such as Gmail, Google+, Google Maps and Android mobile platform that is used by a lot of people around the world. QUESTION 1 Discuss and suggest some feasible application considerations when developing a new product development strategy for Google. Google is one of the biggest companies in the world that creates some of the famous product such as Google search engine, Android mobile platform, Gmail e-mail and many more. These products can compete with other products from other companies such as Apple, Microsoft, Yahoo! and many more that has market lead first rather than Google that join the business competition several years later even take a lead in the market. These products are not instant famous created but instead it’s created based on intensive and repetitive research that makes these products to be accepted by the customers. Below are some considerations when develop new product development strategy. 1. Corporate Planning Since Google established at 1998 with their web search engine â€Å"Google†, it started to create other services and applications that can be used by users to help them do their activities and business. Google focus into three primary market segments that is end users that is using Google for searching services, advertisers that will be charged when user clicks the advertisements and partner web sites of the Google (Google, 2005). Google utilizes the power of advertisements especially in the internet since there are a lot of Google users around the world that are using Google anytime and anywhere by using AdWords that can be used by anyone to advertise their business and AdSense that can be used by online publishers with displaying relevant ads about their contents. Google follows and creates customer’s trends in technology market to make sure that Google can be accepted by customers. For instance, at 2010 Google initiated cloud computing as their centerpiece strategies since a lot of companies and users are moving their storage data and processing into cloud (web) and Google offered their services for cloud computing using Chrome OS and Google Cloud Services. And Google strategies for 2011 are LTE or 4G development to gives users fast internet connection for their gadgets, mobile money that can be used by users using their mobile phone to do transactions including banking, buy and sell and review places using Near Field Communications (NFC), and increase availability of inexpensive smartphones since in 2011 Android has been used worldwide by users that can reach low end market. To expand the technology market target of users, Google creates some partnerships with some companies such as MTV, eBay, MySpace to help promotes and puts their products in their websites and services as well. Also Google do mergers and acquisitions of some companies such as Pyra Labs, Urchin, dMarc and many more to help create new market target and also new source of technology that can be developed for their products later on. 2. Marketing Planning To make sure Google introduce new products into the correct market target, Google needs to plan their marketing strategies to make sure customers and users can receive Google’s new products well. Google marketing plan can be divided into 4 categories that are Product, Price, Promotion and Place. Below are the explanations of 4 categories: a. Product  Google has categorized their products into some categories that are advertising solutions, business solutions, web solutions and product solutions that are used entirely in the web. In advertising solutions Google offers AdWord that can be used to advertise people’s businesses with flexible payment arrangements and AdSense that is used by publishers to advertise their products and contents in the web. Google will charge advertisers every time users click on Google advertisements in the web that help to increase the visitors to their website . Google offers some solutions for business purpose such as Google Cloud Services that will help business to put their data and processing into the cloud (web) that will help to expand their business and also minimize maintenance and expense since all services will be monitored by the Google itself. Also Google provides Search Appliance whether hardware or software that helps to document search in the organization. Web solutions also offered by Google for internet users such as Google search engine, Gmail e-mail services, Google+, Google Map and Blogger website blogging that can be used for free. Also Google sell products that partnership with some distributors to sell from bag, trolley and many more and also some products with Google brands in it. b. Price Google offers different price range for Google’s products that are offered to the customers from free into paid price with distinct price difference for each price. For free Google’s products it’s offered for the users for web services product such as Google+, Google Maps, Android, and Blogger that can be used by users in the web to do their activities or businesses. The reason why Google makes their web services product free is because they believed that services in internet should be free and easy to use for all the users. Google’s products with paid price is also have different price based on type of products that customer want to use. For example, AdWords will charge for the customers based on the cost per click (CPC) by the web users to advertisers with minimum startup cost for US$5.00 with flexible budget arrangement per day. Search Appliance also has different prices based on the type of hardware and software to used whether for mid size co mpany to multinational company. c. Promotion Google promotion is done by using the power of mouth advertising from one web users to other web users since users are using Google search engine to help them search what they want. While other search engine such as Yahoo! and Bing have complicated interfaces, Google offers simple and easy to use interface that makes it used by a lot of people and a lot of people will recommend it through words. Google creates some partnerships with companies to help them promote their products into the market such as Samsung and Google works together to create Google Nexus Prime, the first smartphone with Android 4.0. platform to run the phone. And Google offers open source for some of their products such as Android and Chrome OS so that a lot of people will familiar with the products before it’s released. d. Place Users can find Google easily in the internet since a lot of users are using Google to search what they want in the internet. With internet, Google can expand their products and businesses untrammeled with region, language and cultures problems since now users can access internet and check information anytime and anywhere. And using that, Google can easily promote their products and services to the users based on their search. Google also creates some representative offices in some of countries such as Malaysia, Indonesia, and India to help customers to set up some services and products because maybe there are some changes that need to do before put the services and products into their business. 3. Technology Management Technology management is very important to Google because with good technology management Google can produce and innovate their product based on the technology resources they have. Also with good technology management Google can compete with other competitors in the same market area to get customers and users. For example of technology management is Google Chrome, a web browser that was introduced at 2008 to accommodate user to dynamic and complex web that is based on a speed, simplicity and security. Google Chrome design is different with other browsers such as Internet Explorer or Mozilla Firefox because Google Chrome doesn’t have unnecessary toolbar or add on that makes browser slow and heavy processes but instead it’s using JavaScript engine V8 to handle all web applications fast. Google Chrome isolates each page or tab into its own â€Å"sandbox† to make sure the information in each page are secured from other page. Also Google Chrome is the first browser that supports HTML5 and extensions gallery that increases user experiences when browsing web. Google provides updates and patches for the Chrome but users can choose whether to install the updates and patches by themselves, automatically install or not to install. Google also provides source code of Google Chrome that makes it open source for public to help developing Google Chrome with name Chromium. After Google Chrome web browser hits the market, Google launched Google Chrome OS that is an cloud computing operating system based on Linux that will store the data and services optionally in the web and hard disk as well. Google also puts Chrome OS source code into open source with name Chromium OS that can be developed by public that helps development of Chrome OS. Google Chrome OS officially hits the market at 2011 in collaboration with Acer and Samsung with laptop called Chromebook. Inside Chromebook, user won’t need to install anything else but instead running web applications in interface just like Google Chrome web browser that makes the process faster, easier and more secure than other OS.

Extra Curricular Argumentative Essay

The first advantage of extra-curricular actively Is that It provides exercise. America Is the leading country in child obesity. If sports and other actively are taken away, the obesity rate will most likely go up. Also, exercise helps the brain function better. For example, If a kid Is stuck In a room studying for hours, he will not retain as much knowledge because the brain will be exhausted. Another advantage of extra- curricular activities Is the Increase In classically. The skill of being social Is very crucial In life. People's ability to become part of an organization or make friends sets them apart from other people.An example of when this comes into play is when applying for a job. Almost all jobs require a person to work well with someone else. Also, extra-curricular activities tend to provide motivation for the student. Due to the fact that kids will be doing other activities including school work, as a result, they will be motivated to take the challenge of learning many n ew subjects. A student also has to make a certain grade to stay in sports so this pushes him to work hard and make good grades. Although it is true that kids have less time on their hands for schoolwork; however, this teaches them how to get their priorities straight.When they are older, the kids will have a lot more to focus on at once, and if they do not learn this skill at a young age they may have a very hard time when they grow up. This is another advantage that kids in extra-curricular activities have on others. Some people even say that if there were less activities, kids will focus more on academics. However, some kids use sports and other things as excuses to not do well in school. If a child really wanted to be successful academically, they would not let anything get in their way. A kid's work ethic does not necessarily depend on how much extra time he as.Instead, the extra time could be negative in a way that they could do something In that time to get in trouble. All the se factors show that extra-curricular activities are a very good thing for students. Many valuable characteristics are given due to these activities. I do not think a school system can be successful by only providing an academic curriculum. Extra-curricular activities such as sports, give students exercise, teach them how to be sociable, provide motivation, and even keep them out of trouble. The most successful school curriculum most likely consists of extra- curricular activities.The first advantage of extra-curricular activities is that it provides exercise. America is the leading country in child obesity. If sports and other activities are taken away, the example, if a kid is stuck in a room studying for hours, he will not retain as much curricular activities is the increase in sociability. The skill of being social is very crucial in life. People's ability to become part of an organization or make friends sets applying for a Job. Almost all Jobs require a person to work well wit h someone else. In that time to get in trouble. All these factors show that extra-curricular activities are

Building Acts and Contracts

* Site photos: * Discussion: – The room must be provided with natural lighting and ventilation with the area of window must be more than 10% of the floor area and the openings must not less than 5% of the floor area. – For this room, the floor area = 2. 62m x 3. 52m = 9. 22 m2 The window area = 1. 78m x 1. 195m = 2. 13 m2 Natural lighting = (2. 13 m2 / 9. 22m2) x 100% = 23. 1 % 23. 1 % 10% (comply with UBBL) Natural ventilation = 23. 1% 5% (comply with UBBL) Hence this room in Taman Bunga Raya is complying with Uniform Building By Law. Clause 39(3) * † Every room used for purpose of conducting classes in a school shall be provided with natural lighting and natural ventilation by means of one or more windows having a total area of not less than 20% of clear floor area of such rooms and shall have openings capable of allowing a free uninterrupted passage of air of not less than 10% of such floor area. † * Date: November 26, 2012 * Location: TARC Block M305 * Site photos: * Discussion: The classroom must be provided with natural lighting and ventilation with the area of window must be more than 20% of the floor area and the openings must not less than 10% of the floor area. * For this classroom, the floor area = 9. 08m x 7. 465m = 67. 78m2 The window area = 1. 785m x 1. 45m = 2. 59m2 6 windows = 6 x 2. 59m2 = 15. 54m2 Natural lighting = (15. 54m2/ 67. 78m2) x 100% = 22. 93% 22. 93% 20% (comply with UBBL) Natural ventilation = 22. 93% 10% (comply with UBBL) * So this classroom is complying with UBBL. Clause 39(4) â€Å"Every water- closet, latrine, urinal or bathroom shall be provided with natural lighting and natural ventilation by means of one or more openings having a total area of not less than 0. 2 square meters per water-closet, urinal latrine or bathroom and such openings shall be capable of allowing a free uninterrupted passage of air. † * Date: November 26, 2012 * Location: Toilet at residential house of Taman Bunga Ray a. * Site photos: * Discussion: * There are one water-closet and one bathroom inside. * 2 x 0. 2 = 0. 4 * Area of window = 0. 625m x 0. 635m = 0. 40m2 Since the opening has a total area of 0. 40m2 which is equal, hence it complies with the UBBL. B) Clause 42. 1 * The area of first habitable room in a residential building shall be not less than 11 square meters, * Date : 30/11/12 * Location : Residential house at Kepong Baru * Site photos: * Discussion: -the area of room shall be not less than 11 square meters For this room, the area is = 10m x 13m =130m2 130m2 11m2 (comply with UBBL) -Hence this room area is comply with Uniform Building By Law * The area of second habitable room in a residential building shall be not less than 9. square meters, * Date : 30/11/12 * Location : Residential house at Kepong Baru * Site photo : * Discussion : -The area of room must be more than 9. 3 square meters; -Area of this room is 3. 5m2x 4m2 =14m2 14m2 9. 3m2 (Comply with UBBL) -Hence the second r oom area is comply with Uniform Building By Law * All the other rooms shall be not less than 6. 5 square meters in area * Date : 30/11/12 * Location : Residential house at Kepong Baru * Site photo : * Discussion : -The room area must be more than 6. 5 square meters -Area of the room is 2. 75m2 x 3. m2 = 8. 525m2 8. 525m2 6. 5m2 (Comply with UBBL) -The area of room is more than 6. 5m2 so it is comply with Uniform Building By Law Clause 42. 2 The width of every habitable room in a residential building shall be not less than 2 meters * The width of every room in a residential building must be more than 2 meters * Date : 30/11/12 * Location : Residential house at Kepong Baru * Site photo : * Discussion : -Refer to the photo above the width of room is 2. 75m -2. 75m 2m (Comply with UBBL) -Hence this room is comply with Uniform Building By Law Clause 42. 3 The area and width of a kitchen in a residential building shall be not less than 4. 5 square meters and 1. 5 meters respectively * Area of a kitchen must be more than 4. 5 square meters and width must be more than 1. 5 meters * Date : 30/11/12 * Location : Residential house at Kepong Baru * Site photo : * Discussion : -The area of a kitchen is 7. 28m2 and width of kitchen is 2. 8m2 -Area 7. 28m2 4. 5m2 (Comply with UBBL) -Width 2. 8m2 1. 5m2 (Comply with UBBL) -Hence the area and width of kitchen is comply with Uniform Building By Law C) Clause 43 (a), (b), (c), (d) Clause 43 (a) * â€Å"†¦in the case of latrines or water-closets with pedestal-type close fittings, not less than 1. 5 metres by 0. 75 metre. † * Date: November 28, 2012 * Location: TARC Hostel Block J * Site photo: * Discussion: * Dimension of water closet : 1. 53m by 0. 85m * 1. 53m 1. 5m and 0. 85m 0. 75m, hence it complies with UBBL. Clause 43(b) * â€Å"†¦ in the case of water-closets with fittings other than pedestal-type close fittings, not less than 1. 25 metres by 0. 75 metre. † * Date: November 28, 2012 * Location: TARC Hostel Block J * Site photo: * Discussion: Dimension of water-closet: 1. 53m by 0. 85m * 1. 53m 1. 25m and 0. 85m 0. 75m, it complies with UBBL. Clause 43(c) * â€Å"†¦in the case of bathrooms, not less than 1. 5 square metres with a width of not less than 0. 75 metre. † * Date: November 28, 2012 * Location: TARC Hostel Block J * Site photo: * Discussion: * Area of bathroom = 1. 37m x 0. 86m = 1. 18m2 1. 18m2 1. 5m2 (n ot comply with UBBL) Width = 0. 86m 0. 75m (comply with UBBL) * Although the width of the bathroom in TARC Hostel is 0. 86m which comply with UBBL, but the area of the bathroom is too small which is 1. 8m2 and it did not meet the minimum requirement stated in UBBL which is 1. 5m2. Hence, this bathroom is not complying with UBBL. * Recommendation – we can increase the area of the bathroom by increasing the length of the bathroom to at least 1. 75m. Clause 43(d) * â€Å"†¦in the case the bathrooms with close fittings, not less than 2 square metres with a width of not less than 0. 75 metre. † * Date: November 28, 2012 * Location: Bathroom in residential house at Taman Bunga Raya. * Site photo: * Discussion * Area of the bathroom = 1. 5m x 1. 5m =2. 25m2 2. 25m2 2m2 (comply with UBBL) Width = 1. 5m 0. 75m (comply with UBBL) * Since the area of the bathroom is bigger than 2m2 and the width is more than 0. 75m, they all met the minimum dimensions required by UBBL. Hence, the bathroom with closet fittings in Taman Bunga Raya complies with UBBL. D) Clause 106 (1) 106(1)-In any staircase, the rise of any staircase shall be not more than 180mm and the tread shall not less than 255mm and the dimensions of the rise and the tread of the staircase so chosen shall be uniform and consistent throughout. * Date: November 28, 2012 * Location: TARC Bangunan Tan Siew Sin * Site photo: Discussion: * Dimension of staircases: 312mm x 133mm * 180mm 133mm and 312mm 255, it complies with UBBL. E) Clause 107(1), (2), (3) and (4) 107(1)-Except for staircase of less than 4 risers, all staircases shall be provided with at least one handrail. * Date: November 28, 2012 * Location: TARC Block A * Site photo: * Discussion: 4 risers /= 4 risers, so no need handrail and it complies with UBBL. 107(2)-Staircases exceeding 2225mm in width shall be provided with intermediate handrail for each 2225mm of required width spaced approximately. * Date: November 28, 2012 Location: TARC Bangunan Tan Siew Sin * Site photo: * Discussion: * Dimension of staircases: 5420mm * 5420mm 2225mm, it complies with UBBL. Clause 107(3)-In building other than residential buildings, a handrail shall be provided on each side of the staircase when the width of the staircase is 1100 mm or more. In these clause state that all the buildings except residential building, if the width of the staircase is equal or more than 1100mm, which is 1. 1m, handrail should be provided on each side of the staircase. * Date : 28th November 2012 * Venue : Staircase beside DK A, TAR College Site Photo: * Discussion : Width of staircase = 2. 53m, 2530mm – 2530mm 1100mm (stated in UBBL) so this staircase needed handrail on both sides. – This staircase is installed with both sides handrail, hence this stairc ase is comply with UBBL. Clause 107(4)-All handrails shall project not more than 100mmfrom the face of the finished wall†¦(†¦) This is the first part of Clause 107. (4) in UBBL, which means that if there is a handrail attached to the wall, the handrail should be projected out from the wall with a length of not more than 100 mm * Date : 28th November 2012 Venue : TAR College Cyber Centre * Site Photo : * Discussion : Total length projected out = 9. 3cm, 93mm – 93mm100mm (stated in UBBL) -Since this handrail projected out with 93mm, so this handrail comply with UBBL. Clause 107 (4)-(†¦)†¦ shall be located not less than 825mm and not more than 900 mm measured from the nosing of the treads.. (†¦) This is the middle part of Clause 107. (4) in UBBL, it means that the height of the handrail measured from the nosing of the treads should be in the range of 825mmto 900mm. * Date : 28th November 2012 * Venue : TAR College Cyber Centre Site Photo : * Discussion : Height of handrail = 84cm, 840mm -900mm 840mm 825mm (stated in UBBL) -Since the height of handrail is in the range of 825mm to 900mm, so it is comply with the UBBL. Clause 107 (4)-(†¦)†¦provided that handrails to landings shall not be less than 900mm from the level of the landing. This is the last part of Clause 107. (4) in UBBL. From this sentence show that the handrail at landing area should have the height of not less than 900mm measured from the landing. * Date : 28 November 2012 * Venue : TAR College Cyber Centre * Site Photo : Discussion : Height of handrail= 86. 5cm,865mm -865mm900mm (stated in UBBL) -Since the height is less than 900mm, so it is not comply with UBBL. * Recommendation: The handrail should be installed in a higher and measured before install. F) Explain the UBBL : part IV temporary works in connection with building operations Clauses 48(Commencement of building operation) (1) When there is any building works that started, the person that responsibl e for the construction work shall put a board with names, addresses and telephone numbers of the contractors and also person in charge. 2) Construction work only can start when there is a protective hoarding to separate building and public by approval and requirements of local authorities. (3) According to by-law 19, person who in charge shall obtain a temporary permit when protective hoarding is required. The protective hoarding is required to construct as shown in the approved protective hoarding plan. The constructed protective hoarding shall also be maintained in good condition during construction work to the satisfaction of local authority. Clause 49 (Responsibility of person granted temporary permits) There is some responsibility for the person who granted for temporary permit: a) Always keep the roadside drain unobstructed and clear to the satisfaction of local authority. b) Reinstatement on completion and adjustments to existing cables, pipes and other services on construction site according to requirements of relevant authorities. c) The end of the hoardings shall be painted in white color with a mark by red warning lights for safety during night time. d) Any accident and damages due to hoardings and railing to the property or persons. ) Always make sure that hydrant points or any other existing utility service installation must be unobstructed by hoardings or other materials. f) Always allow easy access over the roadside drain, to and from the adjoining verandah-ways by applying suitable openings with handrails at the end of the hoarding. g) Responsible to maintain the hoarding to the satisfaction of local authorit y. h) Always try not to damage and take good care on any existing services main with avoid overloading the ground or by any temporary construction. ) Upon the completion of works, it is a must to remove the hoarding together with all materials and debris on site. j) Always leave the site and drains clean and tidy and recover any damages to roads, drains, footways and also verandah-ways. Clause 50 (Cancellation of temporary permit) Local authority always has the right to determine the temporary permit due to breach of any above-mentioned conditions or any other reasonable reasons. Upon notification on determination of temporary permit, within one week time, the applicant shall remove all the hoardings, railings and other materials connected to public road. Clause51 (Vehicular access to site) There are some specified hours or peak hour that construction vehicular are restricted to access if necessary for avoiding obstruction of traffic nearby. Clause 52 (Rising mains to be installed progressively) According to by-law 232, rising mains shall be installed when the building designed exceed 18. 3 metres in height to the top most full floor. For the ease of fire fighting and precaution with providing fire fighting facilities during various stage of construction. References Uniform Building By-Laws. Building Acts and Contracts * Site photos: * Discussion: – The room must be provided with natural lighting and ventilation with the area of window must be more than 10% of the floor area and the openings must not less than 5% of the floor area. – For this room, the floor area = 2. 62m x 3. 52m = 9. 22 m2 The window area = 1. 78m x 1. 195m = 2. 13 m2 Natural lighting = (2. 13 m2 / 9. 22m2) x 100% = 23. 1 % 23. 1 % 10% (comply with UBBL) Natural ventilation = 23. 1% 5% (comply with UBBL) Hence this room in Taman Bunga Raya is complying with Uniform Building By Law. Clause 39(3) * † Every room used for purpose of conducting classes in a school shall be provided with natural lighting and natural ventilation by means of one or more windows having a total area of not less than 20% of clear floor area of such rooms and shall have openings capable of allowing a free uninterrupted passage of air of not less than 10% of such floor area. † * Date: November 26, 2012 * Location: TARC Block M305 * Site photos: * Discussion: The classroom must be provided with natural lighting and ventilation with the area of window must be more than 20% of the floor area and the openings must not less than 10% of the floor area. * For this classroom, the floor area = 9. 08m x 7. 465m = 67. 78m2 The window area = 1. 785m x 1. 45m = 2. 59m2 6 windows = 6 x 2. 59m2 = 15. 54m2 Natural lighting = (15. 54m2/ 67. 78m2) x 100% = 22. 93% 22. 93% 20% (comply with UBBL) Natural ventilation = 22. 93% 10% (comply with UBBL) * So this classroom is complying with UBBL. Clause 39(4) â€Å"Every water- closet, latrine, urinal or bathroom shall be provided with natural lighting and natural ventilation by means of one or more openings having a total area of not less than 0. 2 square meters per water-closet, urinal latrine or bathroom and such openings shall be capable of allowing a free uninterrupted passage of air. † * Date: November 26, 2012 * Location: Toilet at residential house of Taman Bunga Ray a. * Site photos: * Discussion: * There are one water-closet and one bathroom inside. * 2 x 0. 2 = 0. 4 * Area of window = 0. 625m x 0. 635m = 0. 40m2 Since the opening has a total area of 0. 40m2 which is equal, hence it complies with the UBBL. B) Clause 42. 1 * The area of first habitable room in a residential building shall be not less than 11 square meters, * Date : 30/11/12 * Location : Residential house at Kepong Baru * Site photos: * Discussion: -the area of room shall be not less than 11 square meters For this room, the area is = 10m x 13m =130m2 130m2 11m2 (comply with UBBL) -Hence this room area is comply with Uniform Building By Law * The area of second habitable room in a residential building shall be not less than 9. square meters, * Date : 30/11/12 * Location : Residential house at Kepong Baru * Site photo : * Discussion : -The area of room must be more than 9. 3 square meters; -Area of this room is 3. 5m2x 4m2 =14m2 14m2 9. 3m2 (Comply with UBBL) -Hence the second r oom area is comply with Uniform Building By Law * All the other rooms shall be not less than 6. 5 square meters in area * Date : 30/11/12 * Location : Residential house at Kepong Baru * Site photo : * Discussion : -The room area must be more than 6. 5 square meters -Area of the room is 2. 75m2 x 3. m2 = 8. 525m2 8. 525m2 6. 5m2 (Comply with UBBL) -The area of room is more than 6. 5m2 so it is comply with Uniform Building By Law Clause 42. 2 The width of every habitable room in a residential building shall be not less than 2 meters * The width of every room in a residential building must be more than 2 meters * Date : 30/11/12 * Location : Residential house at Kepong Baru * Site photo : * Discussion : -Refer to the photo above the width of room is 2. 75m -2. 75m 2m (Comply with UBBL) -Hence this room is comply with Uniform Building By Law Clause 42. 3 The area and width of a kitchen in a residential building shall be not less than 4. 5 square meters and 1. 5 meters respectively * Area of a kitchen must be more than 4. 5 square meters and width must be more than 1. 5 meters * Date : 30/11/12 * Location : Residential house at Kepong Baru * Site photo : * Discussion : -The area of a kitchen is 7. 28m2 and width of kitchen is 2. 8m2 -Area 7. 28m2 4. 5m2 (Comply with UBBL) -Width 2. 8m2 1. 5m2 (Comply with UBBL) -Hence the area and width of kitchen is comply with Uniform Building By Law C) Clause 43 (a), (b), (c), (d) Clause 43 (a) * â€Å"†¦in the case of latrines or water-closets with pedestal-type close fittings, not less than 1. 5 metres by 0. 75 metre. † * Date: November 28, 2012 * Location: TARC Hostel Block J * Site photo: * Discussion: * Dimension of water closet : 1. 53m by 0. 85m * 1. 53m 1. 5m and 0. 85m 0. 75m, hence it complies with UBBL. Clause 43(b) * â€Å"†¦ in the case of water-closets with fittings other than pedestal-type close fittings, not less than 1. 25 metres by 0. 75 metre. † * Date: November 28, 2012 * Location: TARC Hostel Block J * Site photo: * Discussion: Dimension of water-closet: 1. 53m by 0. 85m * 1. 53m 1. 25m and 0. 85m 0. 75m, it complies with UBBL. Clause 43(c) * â€Å"†¦in the case of bathrooms, not less than 1. 5 square metres with a width of not less than 0. 75 metre. † * Date: November 28, 2012 * Location: TARC Hostel Block J * Site photo: * Discussion: * Area of bathroom = 1. 37m x 0. 86m = 1. 18m2 1. 18m2 1. 5m2 (n ot comply with UBBL) Width = 0. 86m 0. 75m (comply with UBBL) * Although the width of the bathroom in TARC Hostel is 0. 86m which comply with UBBL, but the area of the bathroom is too small which is 1. 8m2 and it did not meet the minimum requirement stated in UBBL which is 1. 5m2. Hence, this bathroom is not complying with UBBL. * Recommendation – we can increase the area of the bathroom by increasing the length of the bathroom to at least 1. 75m. Clause 43(d) * â€Å"†¦in the case the bathrooms with close fittings, not less than 2 square metres with a width of not less than 0. 75 metre. † * Date: November 28, 2012 * Location: Bathroom in residential house at Taman Bunga Raya. * Site photo: * Discussion * Area of the bathroom = 1. 5m x 1. 5m =2. 25m2 2. 25m2 2m2 (comply with UBBL) Width = 1. 5m 0. 75m (comply with UBBL) * Since the area of the bathroom is bigger than 2m2 and the width is more than 0. 75m, they all met the minimum dimensions required by UBBL. Hence, the bathroom with closet fittings in Taman Bunga Raya complies with UBBL. D) Clause 106 (1) 106(1)-In any staircase, the rise of any staircase shall be not more than 180mm and the tread shall not less than 255mm and the dimensions of the rise and the tread of the staircase so chosen shall be uniform and consistent throughout. * Date: November 28, 2012 * Location: TARC Bangunan Tan Siew Sin * Site photo: Discussion: * Dimension of staircases: 312mm x 133mm * 180mm 133mm and 312mm 255, it complies with UBBL. E) Clause 107(1), (2), (3) and (4) 107(1)-Except for staircase of less than 4 risers, all staircases shall be provided with at least one handrail. * Date: November 28, 2012 * Location: TARC Block A * Site photo: * Discussion: 4 risers /= 4 risers, so no need handrail and it complies with UBBL. 107(2)-Staircases exceeding 2225mm in width shall be provided with intermediate handrail for each 2225mm of required width spaced approximately. * Date: November 28, 2012 Location: TARC Bangunan Tan Siew Sin * Site photo: * Discussion: * Dimension of staircases: 5420mm * 5420mm 2225mm, it complies with UBBL. Clause 107(3)-In building other than residential buildings, a handrail shall be provided on each side of the staircase when the width of the staircase is 1100 mm or more. In these clause state that all the buildings except residential building, if the width of the staircase is equal or more than 1100mm, which is 1. 1m, handrail should be provided on each side of the staircase. * Date : 28th November 2012 * Venue : Staircase beside DK A, TAR College Site Photo: * Discussion : Width of staircase = 2. 53m, 2530mm – 2530mm 1100mm (stated in UBBL) so this staircase needed handrail on both sides. – This staircase is installed with both sides handrail, hence this stairc ase is comply with UBBL. Clause 107(4)-All handrails shall project not more than 100mmfrom the face of the finished wall†¦(†¦) This is the first part of Clause 107. (4) in UBBL, which means that if there is a handrail attached to the wall, the handrail should be projected out from the wall with a length of not more than 100 mm * Date : 28th November 2012 Venue : TAR College Cyber Centre * Site Photo : * Discussion : Total length projected out = 9. 3cm, 93mm – 93mm100mm (stated in UBBL) -Since this handrail projected out with 93mm, so this handrail comply with UBBL. Clause 107 (4)-(†¦)†¦ shall be located not less than 825mm and not more than 900 mm measured from the nosing of the treads.. (†¦) This is the middle part of Clause 107. (4) in UBBL, it means that the height of the handrail measured from the nosing of the treads should be in the range of 825mmto 900mm. * Date : 28th November 2012 * Venue : TAR College Cyber Centre Site Photo : * Discussion : Height of handrail = 84cm, 840mm -900mm 840mm 825mm (stated in UBBL) -Since the height of handrail is in the range of 825mm to 900mm, so it is comply with the UBBL. Clause 107 (4)-(†¦)†¦provided that handrails to landings shall not be less than 900mm from the level of the landing. This is the last part of Clause 107. (4) in UBBL. From this sentence show that the handrail at landing area should have the height of not less than 900mm measured from the landing. * Date : 28 November 2012 * Venue : TAR College Cyber Centre * Site Photo : Discussion : Height of handrail= 86. 5cm,865mm -865mm900mm (stated in UBBL) -Since the height is less than 900mm, so it is not comply with UBBL. * Recommendation: The handrail should be installed in a higher and measured before install. F) Explain the UBBL : part IV temporary works in connection with building operations Clauses 48(Commencement of building operation) (1) When there is any building works that started, the person that responsibl e for the construction work shall put a board with names, addresses and telephone numbers of the contractors and also person in charge. 2) Construction work only can start when there is a protective hoarding to separate building and public by approval and requirements of local authorities. (3) According to by-law 19, person who in charge shall obtain a temporary permit when protective hoarding is required. The protective hoarding is required to construct as shown in the approved protective hoarding plan. The constructed protective hoarding shall also be maintained in good condition during construction work to the satisfaction of local authority. Clause 49 (Responsibility of person granted temporary permits) There is some responsibility for the person who granted for temporary permit: a) Always keep the roadside drain unobstructed and clear to the satisfaction of local authority. b) Reinstatement on completion and adjustments to existing cables, pipes and other services on construction site according to requirements of relevant authorities. c) The end of the hoardings shall be painted in white color with a mark by red warning lights for safety during night time. d) Any accident and damages due to hoardings and railing to the property or persons. ) Always make sure that hydrant points or any other existing utility service installation must be unobstructed by hoardings or other materials. f) Always allow easy access over the roadside drain, to and from the adjoining verandah-ways by applying suitable openings with handrails at the end of the hoarding. g) Responsible to maintain the hoarding to the satisfaction of local authorit y. h) Always try not to damage and take good care on any existing services main with avoid overloading the ground or by any temporary construction. ) Upon the completion of works, it is a must to remove the hoarding together with all materials and debris on site. j) Always leave the site and drains clean and tidy and recover any damages to roads, drains, footways and also verandah-ways. Clause 50 (Cancellation of temporary permit) Local authority always has the right to determine the temporary permit due to breach of any above-mentioned conditions or any other reasonable reasons. Upon notification on determination of temporary permit, within one week time, the applicant shall remove all the hoardings, railings and other materials connected to public road. Clause51 (Vehicular access to site) There are some specified hours or peak hour that construction vehicular are restricted to access if necessary for avoiding obstruction of traffic nearby. Clause 52 (Rising mains to be installed progressively) According to by-law 232, rising mains shall be installed when the building designed exceed 18. 3 metres in height to the top most full floor. For the ease of fire fighting and precaution with providing fire fighting facilities during various stage of construction. References Uniform Building By-Laws.